The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family violence against Children (child abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of child abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more Children) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, Children under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of Children and family violence was also defined as violence applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of violence has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against Children and family violence against Children. In other results, it was found that violence-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence, neglect against Children and family violence against Children. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against Children and family violence against Children was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental violence, physical violence and neglect against Children and family violence against Children. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological violence, physical violence and neglect against Children and family violence against Children.

This research article examines legal discrimination against Children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian Children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of Children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all Children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by Children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Objective: Numerous Children with obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) either have no access to its main treatment, i. e. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), or fail to respond to it. Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretation (CBMI) is a novel and promising intervention that targets the incorrect interpretation of intrusive thoughts and impulses, i. e. the characteristics of OCD. The present study aimed to determine the effects of CBMI in Children with OCD for the first time. Besides, we evaluated the possibility of online implementation of this intervention. Methods: A sample of 35 Children with OCD (aged 7-12 years) were randomly assigned to two study groups. The experimental group (n=18) received CBMI and the controls (n=17) received placebo treatment. Interpretation bias and OCD severity were assessed at pre-test, post-test, and 2-month follow-up stages, using the obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCICV), obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-Child Version (OBQCV), and Ambiguous Scenarios Task (AST). The present study results were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Paired Samples t-test. Results: The collected findings demonstrated that after receiving CBMI, Children’ s propensity to positively interpret ambiguous situations was increased, their tendency towards negative interpretation and OCD severity was also decreased. There was no such significant change in the control group. Furthermore, the effects of CBMI was sustained at the 2-month follow-up step. Conclusion: This study provided preliminary evidence that suggests CBMI is capable of modifying interpretation bias in Children with OCD, can reduce the severity of their disorder, and works as an online intervention. This brief and inexpensive intervention could be considered as an auxiliary or standalone treatment for OCD in Children.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of Children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in Children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.

When a literature review on pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is performed, it is observed that there is a dearth of research on preschool period OCD cases. Although cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended as the first line of treatment in preschool OCD cases when patients do not show adequate response to CBT, psychopharmacological treatment offers an alternative. The first line used in psychopharmacological treatment is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s). However, no SSRI’s (or any other drug group) have been approved by the FDA for this age group. Moreover, studies related to psychopharmacology in preschool OCD are very limited in the literature, consisting mostly of case reports related to sertraline and fluoxetine. In those studies, it is reported that sertraline and fluoxetine are effective in preschool OCD and generally well-tolerated. In this paper, we discussed the treatment and six-month follow-up period of a 3.5 year-old (42 months) female diagnosed with OCD and for whom escitalopram was used. In the literature, there is a retrospective case series related to this subject consisting of eleven cases, where improvement in symptoms is reported with escitalopram treatment in the five of six cases diagnosed with OCD. As far as we could find in literature, our paper is the second report on this subject. Our case also included the youngest patient to receive escitalopram for preschool period OCD and report its benefits.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian Children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

The present study examined the effects of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) on maternal obsessive-compulsive symptoms and child anxiety. A sample of 217 mothers of primary school Children completed the Maudsley obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI; Rachman & Hodgson, 1980), Nilipour obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (NOCI; Nilipour, 2000) and Ontario Child Health Scale (Boyle et al., 1993). Based on the highest scores in MOCI and NOCI scores and on DSM-IV diagnostic inter- views, thirty two mothers were randomly assigned to an experimental and witness groups equally. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90-minute CBT. The witness group received none. MANCOVA revealed significantly lower mean scores in symptoms of OCD (p=0.00) among mothers after receiving treatment. Inspite of, Mothers’ obsession and Children’s anxiety were correlated, the treatment of mothers did not improve Children’s level of anxiety. A follow up test conducted a month later did not reveal a change in maternal OCD scores and child anxiety.